US-CN Companies & Securities Law Assignment

一家公司剛剛發佈了季度損益報告，另一家公司有了審計員的消息可能會包含危險信號，第三家公司正在申請破產。你在哪裡可以找到更多的事實？有關這些事件和更多的資訊可以在一份稱為 8-K 的當前報告中找到。 8-K 報告為投資者提供了最新資訊，使他們能做出明智的決定。 8-K 表格要求披露的資訊通常被認為是“重要的”。這意味著，一般來說，理性的投資者很可能會認為這些資訊對投資決策至關重要。 每當重大的企業事件發生需要披露時，公司通常會在一年內提交 8- K 報告。公司必須及時提交 8-Ks ，而不是等到下一次定期報告，如季度報告（ 10-Q 表）或年度報告（ 10-K 表）。企業需要在該類事件的四個工作日內進行多數的 8-K 的披露，在某些情況下甚至更早。公眾可以在 SEC 的 EDGAR 網站上找到 8-K报告 。 本“投資者公報”的其餘部分強調了投資者可能會發現的一些 8-K 披露資訊，其中包括對於投資者的一些危險信號。本投資者公報不討論所有要求的 8-K 披露消息。 8- k 報告披露條款的重點 第1.01項      ，重要最終協議的准入 该项目要求披露在正常业务过程中未做出的某些重要协议，或对这些协议进行的重大修改。 例如，如果一家公司银行取得了五年期贷款，或签订了长期租赁協議，贷款或租赁对公司来说是重要的，则必须在此报告這些协议。 但是，如果一家零售商已经有一连串的商店而且簽署了不止一個租約，新的租赁合約一般会在正常的业务过程中，那麽不会在这里报告。 第 1.02 項，重要協議的終止 在此條款下，公司通常必須披露重大協議的終止。 如果協定根據條款到期，則不需要在 8-K 表上報告終止。 例如，如果一家小部件公司根據與一個重要客戶的長期供應協定進行大部分銷售，並且客戶在其將到期之前終止協議，則該事件將需要根據此條款進行報告。 第 1.03 項，破產或者破產管理 如果公司成為破產或破產法院備案的主體，則必須披露。 未來 8-K 可以概述公司的重組計畫（根據第 11 章）或清算計劃（根據第 7 章）和法院對計畫的確認。 投資者應該查看重組計畫，瞭解公司的普通股是否有可能被取消，以及公司預計何時從破產中脫穎而出。 ...

  Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditor's Report Key audit matters — Those matters that, in the auditor's professional judgment, were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements of the current period. Key audit matters are selected from matters communicated with those charged with governance. 关键审计事项指注册会计师根据职业判断认为对当期财务报表审计最为重要的事项 The purpose of communicating key audit matters is to enhance the communicative value of the auditor's report by providing greater transparency about the audit that was performed. Communicating key audit matters provides additional information to intended users of the financial statements ("intended users") to assist them in understanding those matters that, in the auditor's professional judgment, were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements of the current period. Communicating key audit matters may also assist intended users in understanding the entity and areas of significan...

  Communication with Those charged with governance 注册会计师与治理层沟通 Matters to Be Communicated 沟通的事项 The auditor's responsibilities in relation to the financial statement audit Planned scope and timing of the audit Significant findings from the audit Auditor independence Planned scope and timing of the audit 计划的审计范围和时间安排 Matters communicated may include: How the auditor plans to address the significant risks of material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. How the auditor plans to address areas of higher assessed risk of material misstatement. The auditor's approach to internal control relevant to the audit. The application of the concept of materiality in the context of an audit. The nature and extent of specialized skill or knowledge needed to perform the planned audit procedures or evaluate the audit results, including the use of an auditor's expert. When ISA 701 applies, the auditor's preliminary views about matters that may be areas of significant auditor attent...

  Materiality 重要性 ISA 320 Materiality in planning and performing an audit notes that while it may be discussed in different terms by different financial reporting frameworks the following are generally the case: 重要性概念可以从以下方面理解： (a) Misstatements, including omissions, are considered to be material if they, individually or in aggregate, could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements. （a）如果合理预期错报（包括漏报）单独或汇总起来可能影响财务报表使用者依据财务报表作出的经济决策，则通常认为错报是重大的。 (b) Judgements about materiality are made in the light of surrounding circumstances, and are affected by the size and nature of a misstatement or a combination of both. （b）对重要性的判断是根据具体环境作出的，并受错报的金额或性质的影响，或受两者共同作用的影响。 (c) Judgements about matters that are material to users of financial statements are based on a consideration of the common financial information needs of users as a group. （c）判断某事项对财务报表使用者是否重大，是在考虑财务报表使用者整体共同的财务信息需求的基础上作出的。 The concept of materiality is appl...

  Audit sampling 审计抽样 Audit sampling is the application of audit procedures to less than 100% of items within a population of audit relevance such that all sampling units have a chance of selection in order to provide the auditor with a reasonable basis on which to draw conclusions about the entire population. 审计抽样是指注册会计师对具有审计相关性的总体中低于百分之百的项目实施的审计程序，使得所有抽样单元都有被选取的机会，为注册会计师针对整个总体得出结论提供合理基础。 The population is the entire set of data from which a sample is selected and about which the auditor wishes to draw conclusions. Sampling risk is the risk that the auditor's conclusion based on a sample may be different from the conclusion that would be reached if the entire population were subjected to the same audit procedure. Sampling risk can lead to two types of erroneous conclusions: (i) In the case of a test of controls, that controls are more effective than they actually are, or in the case of a test of details, that a material misstatement does not exist when in fact it does. The auditor...

  The overall objectives of the auditor 审计的总体目标 The overall objectives are: 注册会计师的总体目标是： (1) to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, thereby enabling the auditor to express an opinion on whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework; （1）对财务报表整体是否不存在由于舞弊或错误导致的重大错报获取合理保证，使得注册会计师能够对财务报表是否在所有重大方面按照适用的财务报告编制基础编制发表审计意见； (2) to report on the financial statements, and communicate as required by the ISAs, in accordance with the auditor's findings. （2）按照审计准则的规定，根据审计结果对财务报表出具审计报告，并与管理层和治理层沟通。 Professional scepticism is an attitude that includes a questioning mind, being alert to conditions which may includes possible misstatement due to error or fraud, and a critical assessment of audit evidence.  职业怀疑，是指注册会计师执行审计业务的一种态度，包括采取质疑的思维方式，对可能表明由于错误或舞弊导致错报的迹象保持警觉，以及对审计证据进行审慎评价。 Audit evidence that c...

  Going Concern     持续经营 Events or conditions that may cast doubt about the going concern assumption Financial Net liability or net current liability position Fixed-term borrowings approaching maturity without realistic prospects of renewal or repayment Indications of withdrawal of financial support by creditors Negative operating cash flows Adverse key financial ratios Substantial operating losses and significant deterioration in the value of assets used to generate cash flows Arrears or discontinuance of dividends Inability to pay creditors on due dates  inability to comply with terms of loan agreements Change from credit to cash-on-delivery transactions with suppliers Inability to obtain financing for essential new product development or other essential investments operating Audit reporting  Scenario 1, going concern assumption appropriate but material uncertainty which is adequately disclosed In this situation, the opinion of the financial statements wi...